Building system and panel for a building system

ABSTRACT

A building system comprising a plurality of tubes, a plurality of connection nodes comprising tubular sections for connection to the tubes, wherein the tubes are arranged to connect between the connection nodes to form a frame for a building, wherein at least one continuous cavity is formed through at least a portion of the nodes and tubes when the nodes and tubes are connected, the building system further comprising fluid tight seals between the tubes and connection nodes to enable fluid to flow through the at least one continuous cavity.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation-in-part application claimingbenefits from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/408,978 filed Dec. 18,2014, International Patent Application No. PCT/AU2013/000723 filed Jul.3, 2013, Australian Patent Application No. 2012244116 filed Oct. 22,2012 and Australian Patent Application No. 2012902851 filed Jul. 4,2012, contents of all of which are incorporated herein in theirentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to building system and panel for abuilding system. In particular, the present invention relates to abuilding system with a frame that enables fluid to flow there through, abuilding system with a tensile element, a composite panel for a buildingsystem, a building system with a platform structure, and a buildingsystem that defines at least one human useable zone.

BACKGROUND

Known building systems revolve around the assembling of variousmaterials in a particular manner on a chosen site to form the building,which is then used as a human useable zone. For example, the humanuseable zone may be a home, house, apartment, collection of homes and/orapartments, one or more office buildings, shelter(s), office block(s),temporary building structure(s), hangar(s), storage area(s), stadiums,grandstands or other defined space in which people may utilise the spaceinternal or external to the frame of the building for their desiredneeds.

For example, the basic bricks and mortar system requires the bricks tobe delivered and laid using cement in a specified manner to create thebasic outline of the building, additional items and processes are thenapplied to gradually build the premises at the site. This requires allthe materials to be delivered separately to the site and for a largeamount of man power to be used for the separate processes in order toproduce the desired structure.

Modular systems have been developed, which utilise multiple componentsthat fit together to form a shell. However, these systems generally arenot easily adaptable and therefore generally provide a fixed solution.Further, these types of systems may only be structurally sound when thestructure is formed as a single level resulting in structural and designlimitations.

An object of the present invention is to provide an improved buildingsystem that provides flexibility in configurations. A further object ofthe present invention is to provide improved structural stability forbuilding systems. Each object is to be read distinctively with theobject of at least providing the public with a useful choice.

The present invention aims to overcome, or at least alleviate, some orall of the afore-mentioned problems.

Further objects and advantages of the invention will be brought out inthe following portions of the specification, wherein the detaileddescription is for the purpose of fully disclosing the preferredembodiment of the invention without placing limitations thereon.

The background discussion (including any potential prior art) is not tobe taken as an admission of the common general knowledge in the art inany country. Any references discussed state the assertions of the authorof those references and not the assertions of the applicant of thisapplication. As such, the applicant reserves the right to challenge theaccuracy and relevance of the references discussed.

SUMMARY

It is acknowledged that the terms “comprise”, “comprises” and“comprising” may, under varying jurisdictions, be attributed with eitheran exclusive or an inclusive meaning. For the purpose of thisspecification, and unless otherwise noted, these terms are intended tohave an inclusive meaning—i.e. they will be taken to mean an inclusionof the listed components that the use directly references, butoptionally also the inclusion of other non-specified components orelements. It will be understood that this intended meaning alsosimilarly applies to the terms mentioned when used to define steps in amethod or process.

It will be understood that, when describing various integers, such asmodules, components, elements etc., any integer may be constituted by asingle integer or multiple integers.

According to one aspect, the present invention provides a buildingsystem comprising a plurality of tubes, a plurality of connection nodescomprising tubular sections for connection to the tubes, wherein thetubes are arranged to connect between the connection nodes to form aframe for a building, wherein at least one continuous cavity is formedthrough at least a portion of the nodes and tubes when the nodes andtubes are connected, the building system further comprising fluid tightseals between the tubes and connection nodes to enable fluid to flowthrough the at least one continuous cavity.

According to a further aspect, the present invention provides a buildingsystem comprising a plurality of tubes, a plurality of connection nodescomprising tubular sections for connection to the tubes, and at leastone tensile element, wherein the tubes are arranged to connect betweenthe connection nodes to form a frame, and the frame forms at least partof a human useable zone of predetermined size, shape and geometry,wherein a continuous cavity is formed through at least a portion of thetubular sections and tubes when the tubular sections and tubes areconnected, the cavity arranged to receive the at least one tensileelement, wherein the tensile element is attached between at least twopoints on the frame for countering tension in the frame.

According to yet a further aspect, the present invention provides abuilding system comprising a plurality of connection nodes, a pluralityof tubes, and a platform structure, wherein the tubes are arranged toconnect between the connection nodes to form a frame, the tubes compriseat least one planar portion extending from an outer circumference of thetubes in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the tangentof the outer circumference, and the platform structure is attached tothe at least one planar portion of at least two tubes, wherein at leasta portion of the connection nodes comprise at least three extendingportions that are arranged to connect with at least three tubes to formthe frame.

According to yet a further aspect, the present invention provides acomposite panel for a building system, the panel comprising at least twopanel portions, wherein each of the at least two panel portionscomprises a first metal outer layer, a second metal outer layer, and afoam core positioned in between the first and second metal outer layers,wherein first and a second panel portions are bonded together to formthe composite panel having an inner surface and an outer surface, andthe panel is adapted for use as a flooring component of a buildingstructure.

According to yet a further aspect, the present invention provides abuilding system comprising a plurality of connection nodes, a pluralityof tubes, and a plurality of panels, wherein the tubes are arranged toconnect between the connection nodes to form a frame, and the panels areattachable to the frame to define at least one human useable zone ofpredetermined size, shape and geometry, wherein at least a portion ofthe connection nodes comprise at least two extending portions that arearranged to connect with at least two tubes, and the at least twoextending portions are positioned at an angle of 135 degrees relative toeach other to form the frame having an octagonal plan cross-section,wherein the tubes comprise a planar portion extending from an outercircumference of the tubes in a direction that is substantiallyperpendicular to the tangent of the outer circumference, and the planarportion forms a panel attachment surface for attachment to the panels.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way ofexample only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A to 1C show a connection node according to an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 1D to 1E show a further connection node according to an embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 2 shows a connector element according to an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 3A and 3B show a connection node with connector elements accordingto an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 4A to 4L show cross sectional views of various connector elementconfigurations according to various embodiments of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 5A and 5B show examples of a frame structure according to anembodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 6A to 6F show various composite panel arrangements according to anembodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 7A to 7D show attachment elements according to an embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 7E shows an example of how attachment elements are attached toconnection nodes and connector elements according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIGS. 8A to 8D show attachment elements in use within a building systemaccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8E shows a flooring system according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 9A shows a first configuration of two frames connected togetheraccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9B shows a second configuration of two frames connected togetheraccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9C shows a frame incorporating separation zones according to anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9D shows a plurality of frames with separation zones orientated ina vertical direction according to an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 9E shows a plurality of frames with separation zones orientated ina horizontal direction according to an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 9F shows a plurality of frames attached to a further frame withseparation zones orientated in both a horizontal and vertical directionaccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9G shows a first configuration of a floor section of a frameaccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9H shows a second configuration of a floor section of a frameaccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 10A to 10E show various geometrical arrangements based on theconfiguration shown in FIG. 9B according to an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 10F to 10J show various geometrical arrangements based on theconfiguration shown in FIG. 9A according to an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 11A and 11B show a tensile system according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIGS. 12A to 12C show an expandable roofing and flooring systemaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 13A to 13C show a fluid system according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 14 shows a platform system according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 15 shows a building system in the form of a house, home or officeaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment

The following description describes various components and elements thatare used to form one or more building structures according variousembodiments.

FIGS. 1A and 1B show an example of a connection node 101 from opposingsides. According to this embodiment, the connection node is a castingmade from aluminium. It will be understood that the connection node maybe made from other suitable materials and using other suitablemanufacturing methods, such as metal extrusions for example.

The connection node 101 shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B is one example ofseveral different forms that the connection node may have. Thisparticular example has five extending portions 103A to 103E that extendfrom a common point on the connection node.

It will be understood that the connection nodes may have at least twoextending portions, for example two, three, four, five or six extendingportions, that extend from a common point on the connection node.However, the distance between the common central connection point andthe end of each extending portion is a fixed distance regardless of thenumber of extending portions. As shown in FIG. 1C, according to thisembodiment, the distance between the point of central connection (commonpoint) 111 and the end of each extending portion (i.e. the point on theextending portion that comes into contact with a further connection) is185 mm. It will be understood that this length may be varied to formdifferent sized structures, but that the chosen length must be the samefor all extending portions in any one structure. It will also beunderstood that, in an embodiment, the common central point mayadvantageously, be a non-spherical common central point.

The angles between the extending portions will vary depending on theconfiguration of the connection node. However, it is important to notethat in order to define the shape of the final construction of certainembodiments and enable all parts of the system to fit together, variousextending portions within some of the connector nodes are positioned atdefined angles. For example, as can be seen in FIGS. 1A and 1B, variousextending portions (e.g. 103A and 103D) are positioned at an angle of135° from each other (using the point of central connection as areference point). It will become apparent that the angle 135° isimportant as it relates to an octagon shape, which is the crosssectional shape of the formed frames according to this embodiment and soforms a frame having an octagonal plan cross-section.

It can also be seen that other extending portions (e.g. 103A and 103C)are positioned at right angles to each other.

Each of the extending portions has a hollow interior and a circularcross-section having an outer diameter of approximately 101.6 mm and aninner diameter of approximately 93.6 mm. Thus the walls of the extendingportions have a thickness of approximately 4 mm. It will be understoodthat these dimensions are approximate and that, as an alternative, theinner and outer diameters may be varied.

Planar portions 105A to 105D (fins) are formed on the connection nodesuch that they extend substantially perpendicular to the tangent of theouter circumference of the extending portions 103. The fins provide apanel attachment surface for attaching panels as described in moredetail below.

The distal end of each extending portion has an outer diameter that issmaller than the outer diameter of the remaining part of the extendingportion. This end of the extending portion forms a male interface 109that corresponds with a female interface on a connector element(interconnecting tube) as described below. A groove is provided aroundthe circumference of the male interface 109 to receive an O-ring 107.The O-ring seal provides a waterproof seal at the point where theextending portion connects to the connector element.

The orientation of each of the extending portions (103A to 103E)relative to the common point on the connection node is chosen to definethe overall geometry of the building structure, as will become apparentbelow.

As explained above, further configurations of connector nodes are alsoprovided having fewer or more extending portions extending from thecommon point on the connection node.

It can be seen from FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C that the portion of theconnection node 101 around the common point 111 is integrally formedwith the extending portions 103A to 103E that extend from the commonpoint on the connection node 101.

FIG. 2 shows a connector element 201 according to this embodiment. Theconnector element is a tube with a hollow interior. Each connectorelement has a circular cross-section having an outer diameter ofapproximately 101.6 mm and an inner diameter of approximately 93.6 mm.Thus, the walls of the connector elements have a thickness ofapproximately 4 mm. It will be understood that these dimensions areapproximate and that, as an alternative, the inner and outer diametersmay be varied.

The lengths of the connector elements may vary depending upon theirposition within the building structure. For example, the connectorelements may be anywhere between 0.5 meters and 2 meters long.Preferably, according to this embodiment, the connector elements areformed having four different lengths. The connecting elements may be 730mm, 1185 mm, 1535 mm or 1830 mm depending upon the position within thestructure that the connector elements are being placed.

A female interface 203 that corresponds with the male interface 109 onthe connector nodes is formed on each end of the tube. An internalsurface 205 of the female interface provides a sealing surface thatcooperates with the O-ring seal 107.

The male interface 109 corresponds with the female interface 203 on theconnector element 201 (interconnecting tube). The male interface 109enters into the female interface enabling the O-ring seal 107 to engagewith the internal surface 205 of the female interface to provide asealing surface around the circumference of the male interface 109.

Further, each connector element 201 has two planar portions 207 (fins)that extend substantially perpendicular to the tangent of the outercircumference of the connector element in the same manner as the finsdescribed above in relation to the connection nodes.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show a connection node 101 with a number of connectorelements (tubes) 201 attached to the connection node. That is, thefemale interfaces of the tubes are engaged with the male interfaces ofthe extending portions on the connection nodes.

According to FIG. 3A, it can be seen that the orientation of the tubeswith respect to the connection nodes is such that the fins 105 on theconnection nodes and the fins 207 on the tubes are joined together andaligned (301) to provide a substantially continuous panel attachmentsurface 303 for attaching panels as described below.

Referring to FIG. 3B, a portion of a panel 305 is shown connected to aportion of the panel attachment surface 303. The panel 305 is attachedto the fins (105 and 301) on the connection node and tubes respectivelyusing connectors 307, such as rivets. Further details of how the panelsare connected are provided below.

FIGS. 4A to 4L show cross sectional views of various configurations ofconnector elements (tubes) that may be used to form the buildingstructure. Each connector element has an outer diameter of approximately101.6 mm and an inner diameter of 93.6 mm, in the same manner as theconnection nodes. Each tube has an internal channel 401.

Further, each of the fins extends approximately 25 mm from the outersurface of the tube and has a width of approximately 4 mm. It will beunderstood that these dimensions are approximate and that, as analternative, the inner and outer diameters may be varied.

The various configurations shown in FIGS. 4A to 4L vary by way of thenumber of fins and the relative positioning of the fins around the outercircumference of the tube.

FIG. 4A shows a basic tube with no fins. FIG. 4B shows a tube with asingle fin 105. FIG. 4C shows a tube with two fins 105, where the finsare diametrically opposed to each other. FIG. 4D shows a tube with twofins 105 where the fins are separated around the outer circumference ofthe tube by 90°.

FIG. 4E shows a tube with three fins 105 where a first and second fin isseparated by 90°, a third fin is separated from the second fin by 90°and the first fin by 180° around the circumference of the tube.

FIG. 4F shows a tube with three fins 105 where a first and second finare separated by 90°, and a third fin is separated from the first andsecond fins by 135°.

FIG. 4G shows a tube with two fins 105, where the fins are separated by144.74°.

FIG. 4H shows a tube with two fins 105, where the fins are separated by135°.

FIG. 4I shows a tube with three fins 105 where a first and second finare separated by 90°, and a third fin is separated from the second finby 144.74° and separated from the first fin by 125.26°.

FIG. 4J shows a tube with three fins 105, where a first and second finare diametrically opposed to each other, and a third fin is separatedfrom the first fin by 35.26° and separated from the second fin by144.74°.

FIG. 4K shows a tube with three fins 105, where a first and second finare separated by 90°, and a third fin is separated from the first fin by35.26° and the second fin by 125.26°.

FIG. 4L shows a tube with four fins 105, where a first and second fin isseparated by 90°, a second and third fin is separated by 90° where thefirst and third fin are separated by 180°. Further, the fourth fin isseparated from the first fin by 35.26° and the second fin by 125.26°,

Although the above defined angular specifications are required for thespecific geometric structure as described herein for this embodiment, itwill be understood that, as an alternative, the angular measurements maybe adjusted for different geometric configurations. Further, it will beunderstood that the measurements provided are approximate based uponstandard tolerances.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show examples of a basic frame structure 501 accordingto this embodiment. The frame is made up of 28 connector nodes 101. Eachconnector node is connected to at least one other connector node via atube 201. A total of 64 tubes are provided according to thisconfiguration. Although not clearly shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, it will beunderstood that the tubes shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B include fins thatextend from the outer circumference of the tubes to provide panelattachment surfaces as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B.

The basic frame structure forms a shape, which, if in solid form, isknown as an Elongated Square Gyrobicupola, or the 37^(th) Johnson Solid.By connecting the connection nodes, tubes and panels together a humanuseable zone of predetermined size, shape and geometry is created withinthe boundary of the frame. This zone is predetermined based on thechosen geometry and size of the connection nodes, tubes and panels.

It can be seen that the areas bounded by the outer tubes provide panelattachment areas at various positions around the outer perimeter of theframe 501. That is, panels that are substantially rectangular ortriangular in shape (i.e. plan view) may be attached to these panelattachment areas. For example, a first panel attachment area 503 issuitable for a wall panel. A second panel attachment area 505 issuitable for a ceiling panel. A third panel attachment area 507 issuitable for a floor panel.

Referring to FIG. 5B, a space 509 is provided underneath the panelattachment areas being used for attaching the floor panels. The space509 may be used, for example, as a utility space for placing electricaland communication cabling, gas and water pipes and other utility worksthroughout the building structure.

It can be seen, that the frame has eight outer panel attachment surfacesaround the central portion of the frame, which is effectively shapedlike an octagon when viewed from above. Four of those surfaces are sidesurfaces 511, and the other four are corner surfaces 513.

FIG. 6A shows a profile view of a composite panel 601 according to thisembodiment. The composite panel includes two separate panels that arejoined together.

A first panel is formed from an outer metal layer 603, a foam layer 605and a second metal layer 607. The first metal layer 603 and foam layerhave substantially the same x, y dimensions. The second metal layer 607is slightly larger than the first layer (and the foam) to provide anoverlapping metal area.

A second panel is formed from an outer metal layer 609, a foam layer 611and a second metal layer 613. The second metal layer of the first panelis attached or bonded to the first metal layer of the second panel toform the composite panel.

It will be understood that the metal layers may be formed from anysuitable metal, such as aluminium or steel for example. Further, it willbe understood that the foam layers are formed from any suitable foammaterial, such as polyurethane foam. Further, the foam material may havefire retardant properties.

FIG. 6B shows a cross sectional view of the composite panel. The samereference numerals as in FIG. 6A are used to show the same components.Further, according to this embodiment, the first and second panels arebonded together using any suitable metal adhesive 615. However, it willbe understood that the first and second panels may be bonded togetherusing any other suitable attachment means.

FIG. 6C shows a composite panel that has been specifically adapted forthe provision of services within the structure being formed. A servicefurrow or channel 617 is formed within the composite panel to enableservices pipes, plumbing, cabling, wiring or conduits 619 to be providedwithin the channel. As shown in FIGS. 6D to 6F various differentconnection elements or outlets may be specifically attached to a frontor rear surface of a composite panel, such as an electrical switchoutlet 621, electrical power outlet 623 and a utility outlet 625, suchas a water, gas or any other suitable utility outlet. For example, theoutlet may be used to connect one or more of a light element, mediacommunications socket, internal or external water pipe, utility meter,air conditioning unit, alarm system, intelligent home control systemetc.

The composite panel may be used to form a part of the inner or externalwalls, floor or sealing of the structure being built.

FIGS. 7A to 7D show attachment elements (clips) for attaching the panelsto the fins on the connection nodes and tubes. Four different types ofattachment elements are provided according to this embodiment.

FIG. 7A shows a cross section of a first clip 701A. The clip includes aplanar member 703, with an extending member 705 extending from theplanar member at an angle that is substantially perpendicular to thelongitudinal surface of the planar member. The extending member 705 islocated approximately halfway across the width (as viewed in FIG. 7A) ofthe planar member 703. The width of the planar member is substantially60 mm and the thickness is substantially 3 mm. The height of theextending member (i.e. the distance it extends from the planar member)is substantially 25 mm and the thickness is substantially 4 mm.

FIG. 7B shows a cross section of a second clip 701B. The clip includes aplanar member 707, with a first extending member 709 extending from theplanar member at an angle that is substantially perpendicular to thelongitudinal surface of the planar member. A second extending member 711also extends from the planar member at an angle that is substantiallyperpendicular to the longitudinal surface of the planar member. Thefirst and second extending members are substantially parallel to eachother and separated by approximately 5 mm to form a channel 712 that isarranged to receive a corresponding fin. The width of the planar memberis substantially 61 mm and the thickness is substantially 3 mm. Theheight of each of the first and second extending members (i.e. thedistance they extend from the planar member) is substantially 24 mm andtheir thickness is substantially 3 mm.

FIG. 7C shows a cross section of a third clip 701C. The clip includes aplanar member 713, with a first extending member 715 extending from theplanar member 713 from a first distal end of the planar member. Thefirst extending member 715 extends in a first direction which issubstantially perpendicular to a first longitudinal surface of theplanar member. A second extending member 717 extends from the planarmember 713 from a second distal end opposing the first distal end of theplanar member. The second extending member 717 extends in a seconddirection (opposite to the first direction) which is substantiallyperpendicular to a second longitudinal surface opposing the firstlongitudinal surface (i.e. on the opposite side) of the planar member.The second extending member and first extending member are substantiallyparallel to each other. A third extending member 719 also extends in thesecond direction separated from the second extending member byapproximate 5 mm to form a channel 720 that is arranged to receive acorresponding fin.

FIG. 7D shows a cross section of a fourth clip 701D. The clip includes aplanar member 721, with a first extending member 723 and secondextending member 725. The first and second extending members aresubstantially positioned in the same location, and have the samedimensions, as the first and second extending members of the third clipdescribed above.

Regarding the first and fourth clips described above in relation toFIGS. 7A and 7D, the fins may be attached to any part of the extendingmember(s) or planar members. Regarding all of the clips described above,the fins may be attached to the clips using any suitable attachmentmeans, such as a rivet. Each of the clips shown is approximately 600 mmin length.

The clips shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C are used, for example, to connect thecast corner nodes to the connector elements as shown in FIG. 7E. Forexample, clip 701B is used to connect the frame when a window or doorelement is to be provided within an opening. Clip 701C is used when asolid composite foam panel is to be introduced into that portion of theframe.

The clips shown in FIGS. 7A and 7D are also used to connect elementstogether, such as panels to panels, or panels to door and/or windowframes as discussed in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 8C and8D.

Referring to FIG. 7E, in order to connect a corner (substantiallyperpendicular) portion of a connection node 101 to a connector element201 (via the fins), three clips (Connector 1, 2 and 3) are usedincluding two end clips 727A and 727B and a single central clip 729. Thetotal length of the three connectors when attached to the fins is equalto the length of the opening along the connection nodes and connectorelement. According to this embodiment, the clips are riveted to theconnection nodes in the corners, to the connector elements in betweenthe two corner nodes and also through the metal layers of the compositepanels to provide a braced panel for the frame.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show attachment elements in use in various scenarios.

Referring to FIG. 8A, a typical section through the frame is shown. Atube 201 such as that shown in FIG. 4H includes fins 105 that areprovided within a channel within the clips 701C. The fins are attachedto the clips using rivets 801. A finish in the form of gyprock (orsimilar) 803 is also provided.

Referring to FIG. 8B, a typical section through a floor portion of thestructure is shown. A tube 201 such as that shown in FIG. 4K includesfins 105 that are provided within a channel within the clips 701B and701C. The fins are attached to the clips using rivets 801. An aluminiumwindow section 805 is also connected to clip 701B via rivets. Aprefinished surface 807, which according to this embodiment is anAlpolic™ surface, is also applied to the outer walls of the structure. Aservices channel 809 is provide in the gap between the composite paneland connector element to allow services (e.g. water, gas, electricity,communications etc.) to be provided.

Also shown within FIGS. 8A and 8B are the composite panels 601 that areattached to the clips. Therefore, it can be seen that the panels may beattached to the fins of the tubes and connection nodes using theavailable clips. A further type of composite panel 811 is also provided.This composite panel is formed from a single foam layer with an innerand outer metal layer.

FIG. 8B also shows a fibre cement layer 813 formed upon a floor panel601. Upon the cement layer 813 is provided a carpet and underlay layer815.

Referring to FIG. 8C, a vertically orientated panel 601A with an outerlayer of Apolic 807 is connected to a horizontally orientated panel 601Busing clips 701B and 701D. The clip 701B is attached to panel 601Athough gyprock 803 via suitable attachment elements 802, such as screwsfor example. Clip 701D is attached to clip 701B by passing firstextending member 723 into channel 712 (see FIGS. 7B and 7D), andriveting the two clips together using rivet 801. Clip 701D is thenattached to panel 601B via second extending member 725 using anysuitable attachment mechanism.

Referring to FIG. 8D, a vertically orientated panel 601A is attached toa door frame 819 using clips 701B and 701A. Clip 701B is attached topanel 601A through gyprock 803 via suitable attachment elements 802,such as screws for example. Extending member 705 of clip 701A isattached to clip 701B by passing the extending member 705 into channel712 (see FIGS. 7A and 7B), and riveting the two clips together usingrivet 801. Planar member 703 of clip 701A is placed against a door frame819 and attached using suitable attachment elements 802, such as screwsfor example. A door 821 and hinge 823 are also provided. Gyprock 803 isalso provided to cover the clip arrangements along with architraves 817.

It will be understood that the above example of using a door frame anddoor assembly in FIG. 8D may equally be applicable to a window frame andwindow assembly.

FIG. 8E shows a further example of composite panels being used as aflooring system. As can be seen in FIG. 8E a composite panel 601 (asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B) is attached between twotubes 201A/B using four attachment elements (clips). According to thisexample, the composite panel measures 2.1 meters by 2.1 meters. In thisexample, each of the four clips is as described with reference to FIG.7C. Also, the tubes used are as described with reference to FIG. 4C.However, it will be understood that one or more tubes as described withreference to FIG. 4B may also be used in positions on the flooringsystem where only a single composite panel is to be attached, such as atthe perimeter of a floor. A flooring surface 813 may then be placedupon, attached or affixed to the panels using any suitable techniques.For example, the flooring material may be FC (fibre cement) sheeting orsimilar.

It can be seen from FIG. 8E that the attachment elements have a channelformed therein between two opposing extending members (the first andthird extending members) for receiving the relevant fin on the tubes.Further, the composite panel is attached to the first and secondextending members via a suitable attachment device such as a rivet oradhesive (such as glue), for example. The attachment elements arearranged against the composite panel such that the upper surface of thefirst extending member provides support to the overlapping metal area ofthe metal surface 607 on the composite floor panel, the upper surface ofthe second extending member provides support for the smaller surfacearea of the composite panel and the planar member of the clip abuts theedge of the smaller panel portion.

It will be understood that the flooring panels may also include channelsformed therein for receiving one or more cables, wiring, pipes andplumbing as described herein.

FIG. 9A shows a first configuration of two frames 501 connectedtogether. The two frames are attached to each other via the sidesurfaces 901 of each of the frames.

FIG. 9B shows a second configuration of two frames 501 connectedtogether. The two frames are attached to each other via the cornersurfaces 903 of each of the frames.

FIG. 9C shows a frame incorporating separation zones. The basic framestructure 501 has additional components added to it in the form of tubesand connector nodes 905A to 905E to form separation zones or areas 907.The separation areas are provided to separate the main frame 501 fromother attached main frames by a defined space 907. According to thisview, it can be seen that the separation areas are provided above andbelow the main frame 501, as well as on each side surface of the mainframe.

FIG. 9D shows two sets of frames with separation zones orientated in avertical direction. This configuration shows a first set 909 ofindividual frames 501A, 501B and 501C separated by two separation zones907A and 907B. That is, first and second individual frames (501A and501B) are separated by a first separation zone 907A and second and thirdindividual frames (501B and 501C) are separated by a second separationzone 907B.

A second set 911 of individual frames 501D and 501E are separated by athird separation zone 907C. A fourth separation zone 907D is formed ontop of the individual frame 501D and a fifth separation zone 907E isformed on the bottom of the individual frame 501E.

The relative height of the two sets of frames is then offset tointerlock the two sets such that the side surface of a frame abuts theside surface of a separation zone. The two sets of frames are joined bychanging and sharing the interconnecting node connectors and tubes wherethe frames are being joined. Therefore the two sets of frames are joinedvia adjacent surface areas or zones 913. This interconnection providesan improved structural integrity to the entire building structure byforming vertical columns within the structure.

FIG. 9E shows a plurality of frames with separation zones orientated ina horizontal direction in substantially the same offset manner asdescribed above with reference to FIG. 9D. This provides a similarimproved structural integrity to the building structure by forminghorizontal braces within the structure.

FIG. 9F shows a different method of providing interlocking frames. Aframe system as described with reference to FIG. 9C has additional basicframe portions 501 attached to it by sharing connection nodes and tubes.

FIG. 9G shows a first configuration of a floor section 911 with allhorizontal supports 912 included in an X and Y orientation. Floor panelattachment areas 913 are provided. It will be understood that the panelsare attached to the fins on the connection nodes and connector elements(tubes).

FIG. 9H shows a second configuration of a floor section 911 where the Yorientated horizontal supports have been removed, leaving only thehorizontal supports 912 oriented along the X-axis.

Once the full building structure frame has been put together and formedand all the required panels have been attached, the building structuremay be tensioned at the appropriate place by running tensile elementsthrough the cavities formed within the tubular sections and nodes. Upontightening these tensile elements, tension in the frame is countered andthe system is made structurally sound. For example, the tensileelement(s) may be a tensile rod or a tensile cable. It will beunderstood that the tensile elements may be installed progressively as away to hold the structure together during construction in cases wherethe panels are not yet sufficiently holding the structure together.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show further details of the tensioning system that maybe incorporated in various embodiments of the herein described buildingsystem. For example, the tensioning system may be incorporated in thesingle pod examples as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, or multiple pod systemas shown in FIGS. 9A to 9F. Further, the tensioning system may be usedin the flooring system as shown in FIGS. 9G and 9H, or a roofing and/orflooring system shown in FIGS. 12A to 12C. It will be understood thatvarious portions of the frame system may be analysed to determinewhether they are compressive or in tension. When in tension, thetensioning system as described may be used through one or more of thecavities provided by the various elements of the system to counter thetensile force.

According to this example, a tensile element in the form of a cable 1101made from steel or any other suitable tensioning material is passedthrough the cavity of any number of tubes and/or nodes until a firstdistal end is attached to the end of a tube 201, according to thisexample. In this example, the tube 201 has a tube cavity 203 throughwhich the first distal end of the tensile cable 1101 exits the tube. Thefirst distal end of the tensile cable then passes through a centralaperture of an attachment device 1103. According to this example, theattachment device is a casting formed from any suitable material, suchas aluminium or steel for example. The outer circumference of theattachment device matches the inner circumference of the tube 201 andslides into the tube cavity 203. A first side of a projection 1104located around the outer periphery of the attachment device abuts theedge of the tube 201. A washer 1105 is placed over the tensile cable.The end of the tensile cable includes a thread for receiving a first nut1107. The first nut is placed onto the thread and tightened until thecable is securely attached to the tube 201 via the attachment device.The tension cable is then pulled via a second distal end of the tensioncable. The tension from the tension cable being pulled against the firstnut causes the attachment device 1103 to securely abut the edge of thetube 201 via the projection. A second nut, a lock nut 1109, is thenplaced onto the thread to lock the first nut 1107 in position. At asecond distal end of the tensile cable, the same process occurs viaanother tube 201 and nut combination to tighten the cable 1101 so thatthe cable is tensioned to a sufficient tension suitable to counter thetension forces in the frame. A cap 1111 is then placed over each of thetensile cable attachment elements 1103 until the edge of the cap abuts asecond side (opposing the first side) of the projection 1104. Thedimensions of the cap 1111 are such that the cap securely attaches tothe attachment device. As an alternative, a modified node may be usedinstead of a cap, where one of the extending portions of the nodefunctions as a cap.

It can be seen from FIG. 11A that the female interface of the tube 201is not attached to a male interface of a corresponding connection node,but instead the attachment device 1103 forms a male interface. When theattachment device 1103 is combined with the cap 1111, the tube portionis shut off and the tensioning system can be used to tension the system.The combination of cap 1111 with the attachment device 1103 locatedtherein forms an element (cap and attachment device) having a maleinterface that engages with the female interface of the tube 201.

It will be understood that a fluid seal as described herein may also beplaced inside the tube around the tensile element to provide a seal forany fluids that are to be introduced into the tube cavity.

As a further alternative, the cap may be replaced with a node 101 or afurther tube.

It will be understood that one or both ends of the tensile element maybe attached to a tube or a node. Further, it will be understood that thesecond distal end of the tensile element 1101 may be attached to a tubeor node in the same manner as described above. Further, it will beunderstood that one or both ends of the tensile element may beadjustable for adjusting the tension. Where only one end of the tensileelement is adjustable, the other end may be permanently affixed to thetube or node by any suitable means. It will further be understood thatalternative mechanisms for attaching the tensile element to the frame(whether a node or a tube) are envisaged, such as clamping andleveraging the tensile element.

FIGS. 10A to 10E show various geometrical arrangements based on theconfiguration shown in FIG. 9B. FIG. 10A shows a full matrix of all theinterconnecting elements (tubes) as a plan view looking through thestructure. By passing through horizontal layers of the buildingstructure, it can be seen that columns 1001 are formed as shown in FIGS.10B and 10C, which show the layout of the structure at different levels.Also, human useable spaces or zones 1003 are formed. By disconnectinginternal portions of the frame structure, designers are able to modifythe living/working areas created by the structure as seen in FIG. 10C,which is a plan view of a living space with the upper portion of theframe not shown. In other words, the human usable zone created byassembling the frame structure is further defined by removing certaininternal elements of the frame structure. By keeping the column supports(and brace supports), the structural integrity of the building ismaintained while at the same time providing flexibility for the internaldesign. FIGS. 10D and 10E show a slightly different configuration offrames to FIGS. 10B and 10C to indicate how the zones may be altered.

FIGS. 10F to 10J show various geometrical arrangements based on theconfiguration shown in FIG. 9A. FIG. 10F shows a full matrix of all theinterconnecting elements (tubes) as a plan view looking through thestructure. FIGS. 10G & 10H and FIGS. 101 & 10J show two differentconfigurations of frames identifying the column portions 1001 and humanuseable areas 1003 of the structure. The same principal as describedabove with reference to FIGS. 10A to 10E applies.

Further Embodiments

It will be understood that the embodiments of the present inventiondescribed herein are by way of example only, and that various changesand modifications may be made without departing from the scope ofinvention.

For example, it will be understood that the various elements andcomponents of the herein described system may be used and/or modified toenable different shaped frames to be formed for different uses. Forexample, various different forms of building structure may beconstructed, such as factory spaces, homes, offices, hangars, retailenvironments etc.

As shown in FIG. 15, the various elements and components of the hereindescribed system are used in a building structure 1501 in the form of ahome, house or office (for example). The nodes 101 interconnect with theconnector elements 201 in a defined arrangement to create a frame. Thisframe forms a human useable internal living or working zone ofpredetermined size, shape and geometry within a boundary of the frame.In this example, an entrance 1503 is provided and formed from elementsand components of the herein described system. The entrance 1503 enablespersons to enter and leave the living or working zone, for example via aset of stairs 1505. FIG. 15 is represented to show one half of thearrangement including panels 305 with another half shown without panelsto show the structure more clearly. The panels form the floor, walls androof of the structure as described herein.

FIGS. 12A-12C show how various elements of the system as describedherein may be modified to construct a building with large roof spans,such as an aircraft hangar or stadium for example. According to thisexample, FIG. 12A shows how two portions of a frame 1201 forming a floorstructure 1203 and a roof structure 1205 may be connected together usingfour vertical tubes 1207. According to this example, the floor and roofstructures maintain the octagonal cross sectional plan of the buildingsystem as described herein and are formed from the upper or lowerportions of the pods described with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B withfurther interconnecting tubes and nodes to provide increased structuralsupport and/or strength. The roofing and flooring structures areseparated by a distance as defined by the length of the tubes 1207.

As can be seen in FIG. 12B, a number (three in this example) of floorand roof portions 1201A, B and C may be interconnected to provide alarge longitudinal roofing and flooring structure. FIG. 12C shows howthe structure may be expanded using any number of further floor and roofportions (1201D, 1201E) to form any footprint required for the building.

The flooring and/or roofing structures described and as shown in thefigures may also include the tensioning system described herein tocounteract any tension within the structure. For example, the roofingsystem may be in compression and the flooring system in tension, thusrequiring the tension elements to be passed through the cavities formedin the tubular elements and nodes.

Further, cross braces may be provided between the vertical tubes 1207 toprovide additional support for bracing the structure.

It will be understood that this large span roofing and flooring systemmay be used in conjunction with the platform system described herein toform stadiums and grandstands.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show a sealing system for a fluid flow system that maybe applied to various embodiments of the herein described system. Thisfluid flow system may be used to enable fluid to flow through one ormore continuous cavities formed through at least a portion of the nodesand tubular sections. The fluid may be any suitable gas or liquid. Theterm “continuous cavity” in this context means a cavity that flowsthrough one element (such as a tube or node) to other elementsunimpeded. It is not intended to necessarily mean that the cavity isformed in a loop, but may optionally include this. For example, thecontinuous cavity may flow from point A through two or more tubes and/ornodes to point B that is distinct from point A. As a further example,the continuous cavity may flow from point A through two or more tubesand/or nodes and back to point A via one or more fluid supply systems asdescribed herein.

For certain gases or liquids (such as corrosive gases or liquids, orwhere certain gases or liquids are more prone to leaking) a suitablecoating may be provided on the internal surface of the tubes or nodes toprovide protection or extra sealing for the tubes and nodes. Forexample, a thin plastic layer may be coated on the internal surface.

As seen in FIGS. 13A and 13B, a fluid tight seal 1301 is provided foruse in a tube 201 of the herein described system. These seals, or anyother type of seal, may be positioned or placed at any point throughoutthe system to create and modify one or more continuous cavities withinthe frame.

According to the example shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B, a tension element1101 is also provided. However, it will be understood that the hereindescribed fluid system does not necessarily require the inclusion of thetensioning system.

The disc like fluid tight seal 1301 is formed from one or more rubberbased synthetic materials depending on the function of the seal and thetype of fluid it is sealing. The seal is inserted within the tube at theappropriate place where the continuous flow of the fluid is to stop. Thediameter of the seal is approximately the same diameter as the internaldiameter of the tube 201. The outer edge 1302 around the periphery ofthe seal abuts the internal surface 1303 of the tube. At this stage, afluid tight seal is not yet maintained. A number of wing nuts (1305A-C)are provided through apertures formed through the seal, whereupontightening the wing nuts causes the seal to be compressed at the areawhere it is tightened and the outer edge 1307A of the seal to push upagainst the internal surface of the tube. Further, the surface 1307B ofthe seal resting against the tensioning element 1101 is also forced upagainst the tensioning element. This causes a fluid tight seal to beformed around the periphery of the seal against the internal surface ofthe tube, as well as around the aperture of the seal and the tensioningelement (where used).

According to this embodiment, the seal includes a central aperture forreceiving the tensioning element. It will be understood that, as analternative, the seal may not have a central aperture where a tensioningelement is not being used.

FIG. 13C shows an example of a fluid supply system that enables fluid tobe supplied and flow through one or more continuous cavities 401 formedthrough at least a portion of the tubes and tubular sections. The fluidsupply system includes a control unit 1309 that can selectively operateat least one pump 1311 that is in fluid communication via a fluid valve1313 with a continuous cavity 401. The control unit includes a switchingdevice that is adapted to switch the pump on or off and open and closethe valve 1313 dependent upon a control input. The control input is asignal sent from a device 1319 that may be one or more of a temperaturegauge, heat sensor, smoke detector and air conditioning control unit,for example. Upon activating the pump 1311 and opening the valve 1313,fluid 1317 stored in a fluid tank 1315 may then be pumped around thecontinuous cavity 401. It will be understood, that as an alternative,the fluid tank 1315 may be incorporated as part of the continuous cavity401 to enable the fluid to recirculate.

For example, the fluid supply system may include cold water that may becirculated around a portion of the frame to provide a cooling mechanism.Also, the water may be pumped through water sprinklers upon detection ofa fire from a smoke alarm, heat sensor or temperature gauge. The watersprinklers may be directly attached to one or more tubes and/or nodes.Also, the water may be pumped around portions of the frame to provide amechanism for cooling the frame and potentially cooling a social spaceor work area formed by the frame upon detection that the temperature ina particular space has exceeded a pre-set value. As a furtheralternative, the fluid being pumped through or around a continuouscavity may be heated to provide a heating function for raising thetemperature in a human useable zone.

According to a further example, the fluid may be a water and glycolmixture to provide a heat retardant function which aims to keep thewater from freezing and so stop the aluminium frame from becoming toowarm. This fluid mixture may be pumped around the system upon detectionof a fire from a smoke alarm, heat sensor or temperature gauge, ormerely during hot weather.

As a further alternative, additional cooling or heating devices may beincorporated to aid the cooling or heating of the fluid or fluid mixturesuch as air conditioning units or refrigeration units.

According to a further example, the fluid may be air. For example, apump may be used to circulate air around portions of the frame. Varioustubes may include outlets for providing ventilation into a social spaceor work area. As a further example, air conditioning units may be usedto cool or heat the air being supplied to control the environment in thesocial space or work area.

As a further example, the continuous tubular system may be used toevacuate waste liquids from the building, such as storm water forexample. That is, the storm water may be evacuated by activating a valvethat allows the water to pass from guttering in fluid communication withthe tubular system, through one or more tubes and/or nodes to be drainedor stored for future use.

Internal portions of the frame may be coated to act as a container forthe storage of high pressure compressed air, which can be stored andreused to drive mechanical devices such as fans, pumps and airconditioning units. The compressed air may be produced by verticalturbine wind generators which are an optional component within thetubular structure.

As a further example, separate containers may be added into the cavitieswithin the frame structure. These fluid containers may be high pressuretanks, sewerage tanks, storm water detention tanks etc.

Air pressure within the system may be maintained by a column of liquidcontained within another part of the same tubular structure. Waterpressure within the system may be maintained by linking vertical tubularsections together, such that the higher the building the higher thewater pressure for supply.

FIG. 14 shows how various elements of the herein described system may beused to build platform and seating supports. For example, platform andseating supports may be provided for grandstands and stadiums, forexample, where a human useable zone is provided external to the frame ofthe platform structure.

The tubular system may be reconfigured to create a structural systemthat will support platforms and seating for spectators in stadiums andother forms of grandstand. The specific geometry of the platform andseating supports as described herein may integrate with the tubular wall& roof systems and geometry of the building system as herein described.However, it will be understood that the specific geometry describedabove may be modified for use in a platform and/or seating system. Forexample, the angles between the extending portions from the nodes may bemodified to provide a viewing platform for use in a stadium that is lessthan 45 degrees from the surface plane. This provides a suitablegradient upon which spectators may be located to enable each row in theplatform arrangement to view what is happening on the surface.

FIG. 14 shows a side view of a portion of a platform system integratingvarious components of the herein described building system, where thisportion of the platform is repeated in the horizontal and verticaldirection to provide platform system. A first tube 201A is attachedbetween two nodes 101A and 101B. According to this example, the nodesmay include three or four extending portions in a T-shape or X-shapeconfiguration to allow tubes to be attached, where the extendingportions are positioned at 90 degrees to each other and lie in the sameplane (as shown in FIGS. 1D and 1E. Further extending portions may beprovided where needed to provide additional support, for example.

FIG. 1D shows connection node 101C, which includes three extendingportions 113A, 113B and 113C in a T-shape configuration. All threeextending portions lie in the same plane. The first extending portion113A is separated from the second extending portion 113B by 90 degrees.The second extending portion 113B is separated from the third extendingportion 113C by 90 degrees and the first extending portion 113A isdiametrically opposed to the third extending portion 113C.

FIG. 1E shows connection node 101D, which includes four extendingportions 115A, 115B, 115C and 115D in an X-shape configuration. All fourextending portions lie in the same plane. The first extending portion115A is separated from the second extending portion 115B by 90 degrees.The second extending portion 115B is separated from the third extendingportion 115C by 90 degrees. The third extending portion 115C isseparated from the fourth extending portion 115D by 90 degrees. Thefourth extending portion 115D is separated from the first extendingportion 115A by 90 degrees. The first extending portion 115A isdiametrically opposed to the third extending portion 115C. The secondextending portion 115B is diametrically opposed to the fourth extendingportion 115D.

Further tubes (including 201B & 201C) extend from the nodes 101A and101B (see FIG. 14) as well as further nodes (not shown). It will beunderstood that any number of nodes and tubes may be used to extend theplatform arrangement as described herein. According to this example, thetubes extending horizontally (201B, 201C) include two fins as describedwith reference to FIG. 4D.

According to this example, a platform structure having an L-shapedprofile 1401 is provided. This structure may be made from steel oraluminium, for example. Additional supports in the form of gussets(1403A and 1403B) may be provided where needed. The platform structure1401 includes a first surface 1405 against which a seat 1409 may beattached. A second surface 1407 of the platform structure 1401 isprovided for spectators to walk upon. A first end of the platformstructure is attached to a planar portion of a first tube 201B and asecond end of the platform structure is attached to a planar portion ofa second tube 201C. The platform structure effectively forms a riser1405 and a tread 1407, where the tread surface is sufficient enough forpersons to move along the platform structure when a seat is provided.

It will be understood that the platform structure may incorporate tubeswith only a single fin (such as described with reference to FIG. 4B)where those tubes are located at the upper or lower regions of theplatform structure.

Further, it will be understood that a number of tubes with or withoutany fins may be provided in between various nodes to form the verticalelements of the platform structure.

Further, it will be understood that the platform structure may be madefrom a formed metal element that incorporates multiple stages of theplatform. For example, the platform structure may have multiple risersand/or multiple treads, where a portion of the platform structure isformed to accommodate the tubular system of the frame.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A building system comprising: a) aplurality of tubes; b) a plurality of connection nodes, each of thenodes including i) a common central connection point on each of theconnection nodes and ii) tubular sections extending from the commoncentral connection point of each of the connection nodes for connectionto the plurality of tubes, wherein the common central connection pointis integrally formed with the tubular sections; and c) at least onetensile element; wherein: i) each of the tubular sections extending fromthe common central connection point is joined to the common centralconnection point at the connection node; ii) the tubes are arranged toconnect between the connection nodes to form a frame; iii) the frameforms at least part of a human useable zone, the human useable zonebeing an internal living space formed by the frame for use as a livingarea in which people may utilize for their desired needs, and includesan entrance enabling a person to enter and leave the zone; iv) acontinuous cavity is formed through at least a portion of the nodes andthe tubular sections and the tubes when the tubular sections and tubesare connected, and the cavity is arranged to receive the at least onetensile element; v) the tensile element is attached between at least afirst point and a second point on the frame for countering tension inthe frame, wherein at the first point the tensile element is attached toa tensile element attachment device in the form of a casting andarranged in or secured to a distal end of the respective tube or tubularsection; vi) the first tensile element attachment device is providedwith a separate tension adjustment member for securing the tensileelement via the first tensile element attachment device to the tube ortubular member, wherein both the first tensile element attachment deviceand the tension adjustment member are arranged at the end of the samerespective tube or tubular section; and vii) the tensile element isadjustable at least at the first point by the tension adjustment memberfor adjusting the tension of the tensile element.
 2. The building systemof claim 1 wherein the frame forms at least part a roof structure, floorstructure and wall structure.
 3. The building system of claim 1 whereinthe said at least two tensile member attachment devices are locatedwithin a respective said tube, or of said tubular sections from arespective said connection node or said respective connection node. 4.The building system of claim 1 wherein the said at least two tensilemember attachment devices comprises a first tensile element attachmentdevices and a second tensile element attachment device, and wherein saidfirst and second tensile element attachment device(s) are arranged inthe tubular sections or tubes for attaching a first distal end and asecond distal end of the at least one tensile member.
 5. The buildingsystem of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of panels, wherein thepanels are attachable to the frame to define the least one human useablezone.
 6. The building system of claim 5 wherein at least a portion ofthe connection nodes comprise at least two extending portions that arearranged to connect with at least two tubes, and the at least twoextending portions are positioned at an angle of 135 degrees relative toeach other to form the frame having an octagonal plan cross-section. 7.The building system of claim 6 wherein the tubes comprise a planarportion extending from an outer circumference of the tubes in adirection that is substantially perpendicular to the tangent of theouter circumference, and a planar portion that forms a panel attachmentsurface for attachment to the panels.
 8. The building system of claim 1,further comprising a composite panel, the composite panel comprising i)a first panel including a first panel portion, a second panel portion,the second panel portion defining an overlapping area, and a foam corepositioned between the first panel portion and the second panel portionof the first panel, and ii) a second panel arranged on the first paneland including a first panel portion, a second panel portion, both thefirst and second panel portions of a first dimension, and a foam corepositioned between the first panel portion and the second panel portionof the second panel, wherein the dimension of the first panel portion ofthe second panel is the same as the dimension of the second panelportion of the second panel to form a larger area attached to theoverlapping area of the second panel portion of the first panel, whereinthe larger area is for attachment to a frame of a building structure,and the composite panel is adapted for use as a wall, ceiling orflooring component of the building structure.
 9. The building system asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the casting is provided with a projection ata first side located around an outer periphery of the tensile elementattachment device and configured to abut the edge of the respective tubeat the first point.
 10. A composite panel for a building system, thecomposite panel comprising: i) a first panel including a) a first panelportion, b) a second panel portion, the second panel portion beinglarger than the first panel portion defining an overlapping area,wherein a foam core positioned between the first panel portion and thesecond panel portion of the first panel, and ii) a second panel arrangedon the second panel portion of the first panel and including a) a firstpanel portion, b) a second panel portion, both the first and secondpanel portions of the same dimension, wherein a foam core positionedbetween the first panel portion and the second panel portion of thesecond panel, and wherein the dimension of the first panel portion ofthe second panel is the same as the dimension of the second panelportion of the second panel to form a larger area which is attached tothe overlapping area of the second panel portion of the first panel,wherein the larger area is for attachment to a frame of a buildingstructure, and the composite panel is adapted for use as a wall, ceilingor flooring component of the building structure.
 11. The composite panelof claim 10, wherein at least one of the first and second panelscomprises one or more channels formed therein for receiving one or moreof cables, wiring, pipes, and plumbing.